SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. Biological, epidemiological, clinical aspects
Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19; pandemic; pathophysiology; viral infectionAbstract
The main objective of this work is to describe the main biological, epidemiological and clinical aspects, with special emphasis on pathophysiology, caused by SARS-CoV-2.Coronavirus 2 of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome is a member of group IV orthocoronavirinae, belonging to the betacoronavirus genus, which causes the current pandemic disease defined by the World Health Organization as COVID-19. This is considered by world experts as an emerging viral infection. Its origin is veterinary and its zoonotic transmission, from viruses that have bats as reservoirs to pangolin an as an intermediate host, from which it is inferred that it could have adapted to the human being, transmitted from person to person by means of respiratory droplets, and highly infectious contaminatednasal secretions Fecal-oral transmission is not ruled out. The disease has an incubation period of 2 to 14 days (5.2 days in mean), and until now the most efficient prevention and control measures are the obligatory social quarantine, the use of face masks, hand washing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, or with products in gel with 70alcohol, keeping a minimum distance between people of 2 meters. What has been learned from the other two related human beta-coronaviruses that caused the previous epidemics: SARS-CoV in 2002-2003 and MERS in 2012, allow us to better face the current pandemic.
Downloads
References
Ahn, D.G., Shin, H.J., Kim, M.H., Lee, S., Kim, H.S., Myoung, J., Kim, B.T, and Kim, S.J. (2020). Current Status of Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Therapeutics, and Vaccines for Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 30 (3), 313-324.
Almeida, J.D. and Tyrrell, D. A. J. (1967). The Morphology of Three Previously Uncharacterized Human Respiratory Viruses that Grow in Organ Culture, Journal of General Virology, 1, 2, Available from. Recuperado en: https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-1-2-175.
Backer, J.A., Klinkenberg, D. and Wallinga, J. (2020). Incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections among travellers from Wuhan, China, 20-28 January. Eurosurveillance, 25, 5, Recuperado en: https://www.eurosurveillance.org/content/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.5.2000062
Chacín-Bonilla, L., Vielma, J.R. and Bonilla, E. (2014). Should Melatonin be Considered a Complementary or Alternative Therapy against Parasitic Infections? Epidemiology Open Access, 4, e117. Recuperado en: doi:10.4172/2161-1165.1000e117.
Channappanavar, R. and Perlman, S. (2017). Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology. Seminars in Immunopathology, 39, 529-539.
Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., Qiu, Y., Wang, J., Liu, Y., Wei, Y., Xia, J., Yu, T., Zhang, X. and Zhang, L. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study, Lancet (London, England), 395, 507-513.
Chu, H., Zhou, J., Wong, B.H.Y., Li, C.C., Chan, J.F.W., Cheng, Z.S., Yang, D., Wang, D., Lee, A.C.Y., Li, C.C., Yeung, M.L., Cai, J.P., Chan, I.H.Y., Ho, W.K., To, K.K.W., Zheng, B.J., Yao, Y., Qin, C. and Yuen, K.Y. (2016). Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus efficiently infects human primary T lymphocytes and activates the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways. Journal of Infectious Disease, 213, 904-914.
Du, L., Yang, Y., Zhou, Y., Lu, L., Li, F., Jiang, S. (2017). MERS-CoV spike protein: a key target for antivirals. Expert Opinion in Therapeutics Targets, 21 (2), 131-43.
Fan, C., Li, K., Ding, Y., Lu, W.L. and Wang, J. (2020). ACE2 Expression in Kidney and Testis May Cause Kidney and Testis Damage After 2019-nCoV Infection. medRxiv, doi: Recuperado en: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.12.20022418
Fehr, A.R. and Perlman S. (2015). Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis. Methods in Molecular Biology, 1282,1-23.
Fu, Y., Cheng, Y. and Wu, Y. (2020). Understanding SARS-CoV-2-Mediated Inflammatory Responses: From Mechanisms to Potential Therapeutic Tools. Virologica Sinica, 1-6, doi: 10.1007/s12250-020-00207-4.
González-Jaramillo, V., González-Jaramillo, N., Gómez-Restrepo, C., Palacio-Acosta, C.A., Gómez-López, A. y Oscar H. Franco, O.H. (2020). Proyecciones de impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en la población colombiana, según medidas de mitigación. Datos preliminares de modelos epidemiológicos para el periodo del 18 de marzo al 18 de abril de 2020. Revista de Salud Pública (Bogotá), 22, 1-6.
Gorbalenya, A.E., Baker, S.C., Baric, R.S., de Groot, R.J., Drosten, C., Gulyaeva, A.A., Haagmans, B.L., Lauber, C., Leontovich, A.M., Neuman, B.W., Penzar, D., Perlman, S., Poon, L.L.M., Samborskiy, D., Sidorov, I.A., Sola, I. and Ziebuhr, J. (2020). Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: the species and its viruses- a statement of the coronavirus study group. BioRxiv, 20200207, 937862.
Guan, G.W., Gao, L., Wang, J.W., Wen, X.J., Mao, T.H., Peng, S.W., Zhang, T., Chen, X.M. and Lu, F.M. (2020). Exploring the mechanism of liver enzyme abnormalities in patients with novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi, 28, E002.
Hamre, D. and Procknow, J.J. (1966). A New Virus Isolated from the Human Respiratory Tract. Experimental Biology and Medicine. Recuperado en: https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-121-30734
Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., Cheng, Z., Yu, T., Xia, J., Wei, Y., Wu, W., Xie, X., Yin, W., Li, H., Liu, M., Xiao, Y., Gao, H., Guo, L., Xie, J., Wang, W., Jiang, R., Gao, Z., Jin, Q., Wang, J. and Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet (London England), 395, 497-506.
Imai, Y., Kuba, K. and Penninger, J.M. (2008). The discovery of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and its role in acute lung injury in mice. Experimental Physiology, 93, 543-548.
Jin, Y., Yang, H., Ji, W., Wu, W., Chen, S., Zhang, W. and Duan, G. (2020). Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control of COVID-19. Viruses, 12, 372, Recuperado en: DOI:10.3390/v12040372.
Kalyanaraman, B. (2013). Teaching the basics of redox biology to medical and graduate students: Oxidants, antioxidants and disease mechanisms. Redox Biology, 1, 244-257.
Lai, C.C., Shi, T.P., Ko, W.C., Tang, H.J. Hsueh, P.R. (2020). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges. International Journal Antimicrobiological Agents, 105924, Available from. Recuperado en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924.
Li, F. (2016). Structure, function, and evolution of coronavirus spike proteins. Annuary Review Virology, 3 (1), 237-261.
Li, Q., Guan, X., Wu, P., Wang, X., Zhou, L., Tong, Y., Ren, R., Leung, K.S.M., Lau, E.H.Y., Wong, J.Y., Xing, X., Xiang, N., Wu, Y., Li, C., Chen, Q., Li, D., Liu, T., Zhao, J., Liu, M., Tu, W., Chen, C., Jin, L., Yang, R., Wang, Q., Zhou, S., Wang, R., Liu, H., Luo, Y., Liu, Y., Shao, G., Li, H., Tao, Z., Yang, Y., Deng, Z., Liu, B., Ma, Z., Zhang, Y., Shi, G., Lam, T.T.Y., Wu, J.T., Gao, G.F., Cowling, B.J., Yang, B., Leung, G.M. and Feng, Z. (2020). Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel Coronavirus-infected pneumonia. New England of Journal of Medicine, 382, 1199-1207.
Liu, Y., Li, J. and Feng, Y. (2020). Critical care response to a hospital outbreak of the 2019-nCoV infection in Shenzhen, China. Critical Care, 24, 56.
Lu, R., Zhao, X., Li, J., Niu, P., Yang, B., Wu, H., Wang, W., Song, H., Huang, B., Zhu, N., Bi, Y., Ma, X., Zhan, F., Wang, L., Hu, T., Zhou, H., Hu, Z., Zhou, W., Zhao, L., Chen, J., Meng, Y., Wang, J., Lin, Y., Yuan, J., Xie, Z., Ma, J., Liu, W.J., Wang, D., Xu, W., Holmes, E.C., Gao, G.F., Wu, G., Chen, W., Shi, W. and Tan, W. (2020 a). Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet, 395, 565-574
Lu, X., Zhang, L., Du, H., Zhang, J., Li, Y.Y., Qu, J., Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Bao, S., Li, Y. and for the Chinese Pediatric Novel Coronavirus Study Team.(2020 b). SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children. New England of Journal of Medicine, 382:1663-1665, Recuperado en: DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2005073
Masters, P.S. (2006). The molecular biology of coronaviruses. Advances in Virus Research, 66, 193-292.
Meyer, N.J. and Christie, J.D. (2013). Genetic heterogeneity and risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Seminars of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 34, 459-474.
Murray, R.K., Bender, D.A., Botham, K.M., Kennelly, P.J., Rodwell, V.W. y Weil, P.A. (2012). Harper. Bioquímica ilustrada. Mexico; McGraw-Hill Interamericana Editores,
Paraskevis, D., Kostaki, E.G., Magiorkinis, G., Panayiotakopoulos, G., Sourvinos, G. and Tsiodras, S. (2020). Full-genome evolutionary analysis of the novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) rejects the hypothesis of emergence as a result of a recent recombination event. Infections, Genetics and Evolution, 79, 104212.
Raj, V.S., Mou, H., Smits, S.L., Dekkers, D.H., Muller, MA., Dijkman, R., Muth, D., Demmers, J.A.A., Zaki, A., Fouchier, R.A.M., Thiel, V., Drosten, C., Rottier, P.J.M., Osterhaus, A.D.M.E., Bosch, B.J. and Haagmans, B.L. (2013). Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC. Nature, 495 (7440), 251-254.
Shanmugaraj, B., Siriwattananon, K., Wangkanont, K., and Phoolcharoen, W. (2020). Perspectives on monoclonal antibody therapy as potential therapeutic intervention for Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology, 10-18.
Şimşek Yavuz, S. and Ünal, S. (2020). Antiviral treatment of COVID-19. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 50, 611-619.
Sola, I., Almazan, F., Zuniga, S. and Enjuanes, L. (2015). Continuous and discontinuous RNA synthesis in coronaviruses. Annual Review of Virology, 2, 265-288.
Song, Z., Xu, Y., Bao, L., Zhang, L., Yu, P., Qu, Y., Zhu, H., Zhao, W., Han, Y. and Qin, C. (2019). From SARS to MERS, thrusting coronaviruses into the spotlight. Viruses, 11 (1), 59.
Thompson, B.T., Chambers, R.C. and Liu, K.D. (2017). Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. New England of Journal of Medicine, 377, 562-572.
Varela, Y.Y., Labrador, I. y Araque, M. (2019). Fenotipo hipermucoviscoso de Klebsiella pneumoniae hipervirulenta: Lo nuevo de un viejo enemigo. Avances en Biomedicina, 8, 21-30.
Vielma, J.R. y Concepción, J.L. (2005). Diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Chagas utilizando como antígeno la proteína recombinante de 24 kDa (Pgr24). [Trabajo especial de grado], Maestría en Biología Celular, Posgrado Interdisciplinario en Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, 155 p.
Vielma, J.R., Bonilla, E., Chacín-Bonilla, L., Mora, M., Medina-Leendertz, S. and Bravo, Y. (2014). Effects of melatonin on oxidative stress, and resistance to bacterial, parasitic, and viral infections: A review. Acta Tropica, 137, 31-38.
Vielma, J.R., Picón, D., Gutiérrez, L.V. and Lara, N.D. (2018). Pathophysiology of osteoporosis: genes, oxidative stress and immunopathogeny. A qualitative systematic review Avances en Biomedicina, 7 (2), 100-111.
Wertheim, J.O.., Chu, D.K.W., Peiris, J.S.M., Kosakovsky Pond, S.L.K and Leo L. M. (2013). A Case for the Ancient Origin of Coronaviruses. Journal of Virology, 87 (12), 7039-7045
WHO. (2020 a). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) technical guidance: Laboratory testing for 2019-nCoV in humans. Recuperado en : https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novelcoronavirus2019/technical/guidance/laboratory-guidance
WHO. (2020 b). Statement on the meeting of the International Health Regulations, 2005. Emergency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Available . Recuperado en: https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/23-01-2020-statement-on-the-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)
Wu, Z. and McGoogan, J.M. (2020). Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention. Journal of American Medicine Association, 2020. Recuperado en:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.2648
Xu, Z., Shi, L., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Huang, L., Zhang, C., Liu, S., Zhao, P., Liu, H., Zhu, L., Tai, Y., Bai, C., Gao, T., Song, J., Xia, P., Dong, J., Zhao, J. and Wang, F.S. (2020). Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 8, 420-422.
Yang, M. (2020). Cell Pyroptosis, a Potential Pathogenic Mechanism of 2019-nCoV Infection. Available at SSRN. Recuperado en: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3527420 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3527420
Yang, X., Yu, Y., Xu, J., Shu, H., Xia, Ja., Liu, H., Yongran Wu, Y., Zhang, L., Yu, Z., Fang, M., Yu, T., Wang, Y., Pan, S., Zou, X., Yuan, S., Shang, Y. (2020). Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respiratory Medicine, pii: S2213-2600(20)30079-5.
Zhai, P., Ding, Y., Wu, X., Long, J., Zhong, Y. and Li, Y. (2020). The epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 55, 105955.
Zhang, J.J., Dong, X., Cao, Y.Y., Yuan, Y.D., Yang, Y.B., Yan, Y.Q., Cezmi A., Akdis, C.A. and Gao, Y.D. (2020 a). Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy, doi: 10.1111/all.14238.
Zhang, R., Wang X., Ni, L., Di, X., Ma. B, Niu, S., Liu, C. and Reiter, R.J. (2020 b). COVID-19: Melatonin as a potential adjuvant treatment. Life Sciences, 250, 117583.
Zhou, F., Yu, T., Du, R., Fan, G., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Xiang, J., Wang, Y., Song, B., Gu, X., Guan, L., Wei, Y., Li, H., Wu, X., Xu, J., Tu, S., Zhang, Y., Chen, H. and Cao, B. (2020). Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet, 395, 1054-1062.
Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song. J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., Lu, R., Niu, P., Zhan, F., Ma, X., Wang, D., Xu, W., Wu, G., Gao, G.F., Tan, W. and China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team (2020). A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New England Journal Medicine, 382, 727–733.
Zou, X., Chen, K., Zou, J., Han, P., Hao, J. and Han, Z. (2020). The single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to Wuhan 2019-nCoVinfection. Frontiers in Medicine, 1-8.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
